Container build failure on master: `gcc` missing

[woodruffw]

This is completely unrelated to the work I'm doing on PyPI, but I just noticed it on another project: cryptography is failing to build because gcc is missing. My best guess is that the docker container that this action is using changed underneath it.

Raw error:

Building wheels for collected packages: cryptography
2020-12-09T00:33:50.3441972Z   Building wheel for cryptography (PEP 517): started
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4732894Z   Building wheel for cryptography (PEP 517): finished with status 'error'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4745471Z �[91m  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4746375Z    command: /usr/local/bin/python /usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/_in_process.py build_wheel /tmp/tmpnbs2lzqp
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4747511Z        cwd: /tmp/pip-install-yxqcx4jn/cryptography_4bbbeefb6f3647b9b31617dd26d2712d
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4748271Z   Complete output (146 lines):
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4748683Z   running bdist_wheel
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4749037Z   running build
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4749392Z   running build_py
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4749741Z   creating build
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4750188Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4750734Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4751450Z   copying src/cryptography/utils.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4752252Z   copying src/cryptography/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4755057Z   copying src/cryptography/__about__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4757211Z   copying src/cryptography/fernet.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4758214Z   copying src/cryptography/exceptions.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4758990Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4759765Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4760649Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/_der.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4761547Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/_oid.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4762304Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4763088Z   copying src/cryptography/x509/extensions.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4763962Z   copying src/cryptography/x509/name.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4764813Z   copying src/cryptography/x509/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4765746Z   copying src/cryptography/x509/certificate_transparency.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4766696Z   copying src/cryptography/x509/oid.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4767566Z   copying src/cryptography/x509/general_name.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4768421Z   copying src/cryptography/x509/base.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4769263Z   copying src/cryptography/x509/ocsp.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4770040Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4770912Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4771913Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4772785Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4773851Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/interfaces.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4774790Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4775735Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/hashes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4776810Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4777910Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/padding.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4779012Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/poly1305.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4780164Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/hmac.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4781260Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/keywrap.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4782389Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/constant_time.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4783489Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/cmac.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4784426Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4785397Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl/binding.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4786551Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4787736Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl/_conditional.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4788727Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4789684Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/x25519.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4790798Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ec.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4791958Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/backend.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4793106Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/utils.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4794239Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/x448.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4795492Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/hashes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4796648Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4797776Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/rsa.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4798929Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/decode_asn1.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4800083Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/dsa.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4801228Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ciphers.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4802397Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/aead.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4803614Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/poly1305.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4804758Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/x509.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4805890Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ocsp.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4807012Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/dh.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4808141Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ed448.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4809267Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/hmac.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4810467Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ed25519.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4811658Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/encode_asn1.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4812814Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/cmac.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4813793Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4814840Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/x25519.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4816077Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/ec.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4817318Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/utils.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4818572Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/x448.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4819796Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4821047Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/rsa.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4822287Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/dsa.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4823565Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/padding.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4824830Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/dh.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4826070Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/ed448.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4827327Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/ed25519.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4828368Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4829406Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor/hotp.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4830627Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor/utils.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4831851Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4833120Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor/totp.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4834143Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4835285Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4836471Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/aead.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4838107Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/base.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4839307Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/modes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4840677Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/algorithms.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4841832Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4842810Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/scrypt.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4843935Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/x963kdf.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4845154Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/concatkdf.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4846301Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4847424Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/kbkdf.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4848559Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/pbkdf2.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4849683Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/hkdf.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4850687Z   creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4851796Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4853115Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/pkcs7.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4854448Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/base.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4855764Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/ssh.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4857109Z   copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/pkcs12.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4857951Z   running egg_info
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4858495Z   writing src/cryptography.egg-info/PKG-INFO
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4859305Z   writing dependency_links to src/cryptography.egg-info/dependency_links.txt
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4860214Z   writing requirements to src/cryptography.egg-info/requires.txt
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4861063Z   writing top-level names to src/cryptography.egg-info/top_level.txt
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4861907Z   reading manifest file 'src/cryptography.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4862593Z   reading manifest template 'MANIFEST.in'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4863281Z   no previously-included directories found matching 'docs/_build'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4864053Z   warning: no previously-included files found matching 'vectors'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4864887Z   warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory 'vectors'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4865856Z   warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory '.github'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4866701Z   warning: no previously-included files found matching 'release.py'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4867524Z   warning: no previously-included files found matching '.coveragerc'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4868326Z   warning: no previously-included files found matching 'codecov.yml'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4869178Z   warning: no previously-included files found matching '.readthedocs.yml'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4870098Z   warning: no previously-included files found matching 'dev-requirements.txt'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4871068Z   warning: no previously-included files found matching 'rtd-requirements.txt'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4871922Z   warning: no previously-included files found matching 'tox.ini'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4872748Z   warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory '.zuul.d'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4873674Z   warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory '.zuul.playbooks'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4874952Z   writing manifest file 'src/cryptography.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4875717Z   warning: build_py: byte-compiling is disabled, skipping.
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4876200Z   
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4876504Z   running build_ext
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4877055Z   generating cffi module 'build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/_padding.c'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4877662Z   creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4878282Z   generating cffi module 'build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/_openssl.c'
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4878857Z   building '_openssl' extension
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4879374Z   creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/build
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4879998Z   creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4881466Z   gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -fPIC -I/usr/local/include/python3.8 -c build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/_openssl.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/_openssl.o -Wconversion -Wno-error=sign-conversion
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4882834Z   unable to execute 'gcc': No such file or directory
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4883261Z   
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4883626Z       =============================DEBUG ASSISTANCE=============================
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4884245Z       If you are seeing a compilation error please try the following steps to
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4884910Z       successfully install cryptography:
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4885530Z       1) Upgrade to the latest pip and try again. This will fix errors for most
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4886338Z          users. See: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/#upgrading-pip
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4887266Z       2) Read https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation.html for specific
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4888012Z          instructions for your platform.
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4888598Z       3) Check our frequently asked questions for more information:
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4889311Z          https://cryptography.io/en/latest/faq.html
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4889907Z       =============================DEBUG ASSISTANCE=============================
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4890279Z   
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4890682Z   error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4891170Z   ----------------------------------------
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4891688Z �[0m�[91m  ERROR: Failed building wheel for cryptography
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4892289Z �[0mFailed to build cryptography
2020-12-09T00:33:51.4893022Z �[91mERROR: Could not build wheels for cryptography which use PEP 517 and cannot be installed directly
2020-12-09T00:33:51.9156945Z The command '/bin/sh -c pip install --upgrade --no-cache-dir twine' returned a non-zero code: 1
2020-12-09T00:33:51.9157576Z �[0m
2020-12-09T00:33:51.9175397Z ##[warning]Docker build failed with exit code 1, back off 6.602 seconds before retry.

Example failing workflow: https://github.com/trailofbits/blight/runs/1520996200

[woodruffw]

The parent container has gcc explicitly installed, so I'm a little confused: https://github.com/docker-library/python/blob/master/3.8/buster/slim/Dockerfile

[woodruffw]

Looks like it was ephemeral. Sorry for the noise!

[di]

Your log indicates that it's trying to install & build the source distribution for cryptography==3.3:

 Collecting cryptography>=2.0
    Downloading cryptography-3.3.tar.gz (539 kB)
    Installing build dependencies: started
    Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'done'
    Getting requirements to build wheel: started
    Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
      Preparing wheel metadata: started
      Preparing wheel metadata: finished with status 'done'

Given that this version was just released ~15 minutes ago, it's more likely that your build ran at a time when the source distribution was available, but the wheels were not.

[woodruffw]

Ah, that makes sense! Bad timing 😅

[di]

Also I think the -slim images remove a lot of stuff in the last layers, gcc probably is included.

[webknjaz]

Woah! Great discovery! I think we could improve this by passing --prefer-binary to pip or/and maybe correcting the $PATH env var.

[di]

I'm not sure how --prefer-binary would have helped here? Pip would still have fallen back on installing the source distribution. Also not sure how changing $PATH would have fixed this.

I would maybe argue that we should have gcc in the container (or maybe not use -slim here) instead, but I think this will happen infrequently enough that it's not worth doing.

[woodruffw]

Yeah, I don't think --prefer-binary would have helped here. I think the "fix" (maybe not currently possible) would be --only-binary, or for pip to intelligently select an older (but still appropriately constrained) version that has a wheel available.

Alternatively: this repo could build a stable container and pull it down with each tagged release, rather than doing the twine build + install with each workflow.

[webknjaz]

IIRC --prefer-binary selects an older version of a dependency if the newer version only has an sdist which makes sense for a race condition when sdist a wheels are published from different parallel/async jobs.

[webknjaz]

This happened again: #56.