Fix wrong inference cache result for typing.cast calls inside functions

[cdce8p]

Description

The result for the typing.cast inference tip depend could depend on the arguments passed to the parent function.
Those aren't included in the cache key which could cause the first (invalid) inference result to be returned again.

This PR adds a new parameter to inference_tip -> cached, to be able to opt out of caching for specific inference tips.
In most cases this shouldn't be needed. Therefore the default is set to True.

https://github.com/PyCQA/astroid/blob/dfd88f5edc636df80c8cabd61a6b8d6bc8746ca9/astroid/inference_tip.py#L36-L38

from typing import TypeVar, cast
T = TypeVar("T")
def ident(var: T) -> T:
    return cast(T, var)

ident(2)  #@
ident("Hello")  #@

Closes pylint-dev/pylint#8074

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #1981 (6fdd068) into main (dfd88f5) will not change coverage.
The diff coverage is 100.00%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #1981   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   92.65%   92.65%           
=======================================
  Files          94       94           
  Lines       10903    10903           
=======================================
  Hits        10102    10102           
  Misses        801      801           

Flag	Coverage Δ
linux	92.41% <100.00%> (ø)
pypy	88.53% <100.00%> (ø)
windows	92.33% <100.00%> (ø)

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
astroid/brain/brain_typing.py	88.51% <ø> (ø)
astroid/inference_tip.py	96.87% <100.00%> (ø)

[cdce8p]

Found a potentially better solution. Just need to do some performance testing first.

[cdce8p]

Closing in favor of #1982