[GH-1996] Implement S2Geography support on Apache Sedona

[ZhuochengShang]

PR links

1. Point, PolyLine, Polygon implementation [GH-1996]Create object of S2Geography, and implement PoinGeography with its en… #1992

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(This version of implementation is a mimic of original C++ from https://github.com/paleolimbot/s2geography, future optimization may be required)
The S2Geography framework provides a unified API for handling spherical geometries—points, polylines, polygons and multipolygons—by defining an abstract base class, S2Geography, and six concrete subclasses:

• PointGeography
• PolylineGeography
• PolygonGeography
• GeographyCollection
• ShapeIndexGeography
• EncodedShapeIndexGeography

Each subclass implements a consistent set of core operations:

• dimension()
• numShapes()
• shape(int index)
• region()
• encoding and decoding via its dedicated encoder/decoder

On top of these primitives, S2Geography supports:

• Construction of any geography type
• Reading/Writing from and to WKT and WKB formats
• Indexing for all S2geography objects
• Projections between coordinate systems
• Spatial operations such as: 1) distance computation, 2) equality testing, 3) intersection checks, 4) containment tests, and 5) within-predicate evaluations

[github-actions]

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[jiayuasu]

@ZhuochengShang thanks. Can you add a bit more description of this project here? Like what do we want to implement in the S2geography project?

[Kontinuation]

I reviewed the s2geography codebase we are porting, along with the related PR. There are several fundamental issues with the current approach to supporting geography queries:

1. s2geography implements geography predicates (intersects, containment checks, etc.) and distance computation by constructing S2ShapeIndex for various kinds of geography objects, and invokes S2BooleanOperation or S2ClosestEdgeQuery to do the heavy lifting. These algorithms were not ported to the latest com.google.geometry:s2-geometry:2.0.0 release.
2. The master branch of google/s2-geometry-library-java has these algorithms ported from C++ to Java, but there's no official release yet (Latest version in maven repo? google/s2-geometry-library-java#40).

Porting S2 algorithms we need such as S2BooleanOperation to our S2Geography implementation seems to be redundant effort, the ideal way is depending on a new release of the official s2-geometry java library. There might be breaking changes in the master branch, so this may affect other more fundamental works including basic Geography type implementations, WKT/WKB support, encoding/decoding, etc.

CC @paleolimbot