Algebric prerequisites for Clifford+T decompositions

[obliviateandsurrender]

Context: This introduces and provides some algebraic prerequisites necessary for number-theoretic Clifford-T decomposition methods.

Description of the Change:

1. Adds Z[√2] (ring of quadratic integers with radicand 2)
2. Z[ω] (ring of cyclotomic integers of degree 8).
3. Adds matrices for Dyadic/SO3 descriptions.
4. Normal form conversion rules.
5. Tests for verify ordering.

Benefits:

Possible Drawbacks:

Related GitHub Issues:

[github-actions]

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Please edit doc/releases/changelog-dev.md with:

• A one-to-two sentence description of the change. You may include a small working example for new features.
• A link back to this PR.
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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 99.17127% with 3 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 99.68%. Comparing base (29d3a49) to head (1173b34).
Report is 39 commits behind head on master.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...nnylane/ops/op_math/decompositions/normal_forms.py	95.45%	2 Missing ⚠️
pennylane/ops/op_math/decompositions/rings.py	99.68%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff            @@
##           master    #7588    +/-   ##
========================================
  Coverage   99.68%   99.68%            
========================================
  Files         532      533     +1     
  Lines       51671    52655   +984     
========================================
+ Hits        51507    52489   +982     
- Misses        164      166     +2     

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