Fix issue #8419: Document get_impl and import_from

openhands/integrations/github/github_service.py

@@ -28,6 +28,17 @@
 
 
 class GitHubService(BaseGitService, GitService):
+    """Default implementation of GitService for GitHub integration.
+
+    TODO: This doesn't seem a good candidate for the get_impl() pattern. What are the abstract methods we should actually separate and implement here?
+    This is an extension point in OpenHands that allows applications to customize GitHub
+    integration behavior. Applications can substitute their own implementation by:
+    1. Creating a class that inherits from GitService
+    2. Implementing all required methods
+    3. Setting server_config.github_service_class to the fully qualified name of the class
+
+    The class is instantiated via get_impl() in openhands.server.shared.py.
+    """
     BASE_URL = 'https://api.github.com'
     token: SecretStr = SecretStr('')
     refresh = False

openhands/integrations/gitlab/gitlab_service.py

@@ -21,6 +21,16 @@
 
 
 class GitLabService(BaseGitService, GitService):
+    """Default implementation of GitService for GitLab integration.
+
+    This is an extension point in OpenHands that allows applications to customize GitLab
+    integration behavior. Applications can substitute their own implementation by:
+    1. Creating a class that inherits from GitService
+    2. Implementing all required methods
+    3. Setting server_config.gitlab_service_class to the fully qualified name of the class
+
+    The class is instantiated via get_impl() in openhands.server.shared.py.
+    """
     BASE_URL = 'https://gitlab.com/api/v4'
     GRAPHQL_URL = 'https://gitlab.com/api/graphql'
     token: SecretStr = SecretStr('')

openhands/runtime/base.py

@@ -88,10 +88,33 @@ def _default_env_vars(sandbox_config: SandboxConfig) -> dict[str, str]:
 
 
 class Runtime(FileEditRuntimeMixin):
-    """The runtime is how the agent interacts with the external environment.
-    This includes a bash sandbox, a browser, and filesystem interactions.
-
-    sid is the session id, which is used to identify the current user session.
+    """Abstract base class for agent runtime environments.
+
+    This is an extension point in OpenHands that allows applications to customize how
+    agents interact with the external environment. The runtime provides a sandbox with:
+    - Bash shell access
+    - Browser interaction
+    - Filesystem operations
+    - Git operations
+    - Environment variable management
+
+    Applications can substitute their own implementation by:
+    1. Creating a class that inherits from Runtime
+    2. Implementing all required methods
+    3. Setting the runtime name in configuration or using get_runtime_cls()
+
+    The class is instantiated via get_impl() in get_runtime_cls().
+
+    Built-in implementations include:
+    - DockerRuntime: Containerized environment using Docker
+    - E2BRuntime: Secure sandbox using E2B
+    - RemoteRuntime: Remote execution environment
+    - ModalRuntime: Scalable cloud environment using Modal
+    - LocalRuntime: Local execution for development
+    - DaytonaRuntime: Cloud development environment using Daytona
+
+    Args:
+        sid: Session ID that uniquely identifies the current user session
     """
 
     sid: str

openhands/server/conversation_manager/conversation_manager.py

@@ -21,6 +21,24 @@ class ConversationManager(ABC):
     This class defines the interface for managing conversations, whether in standalone
     or clustered mode. It handles the lifecycle of conversations, including creation,
     attachment, detachment, and cleanup.
+
+    This is an extension point in OpenHands, that applications built on it can use to modify behavior via server configuration, without modifying its code.
+    Applications can provide their own
+    implementation by:
+    1. Creating a class that inherits from ConversationManager
+    2. Implementing all required abstract methods
+    3. Setting server_config.conversation_manager_class to the fully qualified name
+       of the implementation class
+
+    The default implementation is StandaloneConversationManager, which handles
+    conversations in a single-server deployment. Applications might want to provide
+    their own implementation for scenarios like:
+    - Clustered deployments with distributed conversation state
+    - Custom persistence or caching strategies
+    - Integration with external conversation management systems
+    - Enhanced monitoring or logging capabilities
+
+    The implementation class is instantiated via get_impl() in openhands.server.shared.py.
     """
 
     sio: socketio.AsyncServer

openhands/server/conversation_manager/standalone_conversation_manager.py

@@ -38,7 +38,10 @@
 
 @dataclass
 class StandaloneConversationManager(ConversationManager):
-    """Manages conversations in standalone mode (single server instance)."""
+    """Default implementation of ConversationManager for single-server deployments.
+
+    See ConversationManager for extensibility details.
+    """
 
     sio: socketio.AsyncServer
     config: AppConfig

openhands/server/monitoring.py

@@ -3,8 +3,15 @@
 
 
 class MonitoringListener:
-    """
-    Allow tracking of application activity for monitoring purposes.
+    """Abstract base class for monitoring application activity.
+
+    This is an extension point in OpenHands that allows applications to customize how
+    application activity is monitored. Applications can substitute their own implementation by:
+    1. Creating a class that inherits from MonitoringListener
+    2. Implementing desired methods (all methods have default no-op implementations)
+    3. Setting server_config.monitoring_listener_class to the fully qualified name of the class
+
+    The class is instantiated via get_impl() in openhands.server.shared.py.
 
     Implementations should be non-disruptive, do not raise or block to perform I/O.
     """

openhands/server/user_auth/user_auth.py

@@ -21,7 +21,16 @@ class AuthType(Enum):
 
 
 class UserAuth(ABC):
-    """Extensible class encapsulating user Authentication"""
+    """Abstract base class for user authentication.
+
+    This is an extension point in OpenHands that allows applications to provide their own
+    authentication mechanisms. Applications can substitute their own implementation by:
+    1. Creating a class that inherits from UserAuth
+    2. Implementing all required methods
+    3. Setting server_config.user_auth_class to the fully qualified name of the class
+
+    The class is instantiated via get_impl() in openhands.server.shared.py.
+    """
 
     _settings: Settings | None
 

openhands/storage/conversation/conversation_store.py

@@ -12,7 +12,18 @@
 
 
 class ConversationStore(ABC):
-    """Storage for conversation metadata. May or may not support multiple users depending on the environment."""
+    """Abstract base class for conversation metadata storage.
+
+    This is an extension point in OpenHands that allows applications to customize how
+    conversation metadata is stored. Applications can substitute their own implementation by:
+    1. Creating a class that inherits from ConversationStore
+    2. Implementing all required methods
+    3. Setting server_config.conversation_store_class to the fully qualified name of the class
+
+    The class is instantiated via get_impl() in openhands.server.shared.py.
+
+    The implementation may or may not support multiple users depending on the environment.
+    """
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def save_metadata(self, metadata: ConversationMetadata) -> None:

openhands/storage/conversation/conversation_validator.py

@@ -4,7 +4,18 @@
 
 
 class ConversationValidator:
-    """Storage for conversation metadata. May or may not support multiple users depending on the environment."""
+    """Abstract base class for validating conversation access.
+
+    This is an extension point in OpenHands that allows applications to customize how
+    conversation access is validated. Applications can substitute their own implementation by:
+    1. Creating a class that inherits from ConversationValidator
+    2. Implementing the validate method
+    3. Setting OPENHANDS_CONVERSATION_VALIDATOR_CLS environment variable to the fully qualified name of the class
+
+    The class is instantiated via get_impl() in create_conversation_validator().
+
+    The default implementation performs no validation and returns None, None.
+    """
 
     async def validate(
         self, conversation_id: str, cookies_str: str

openhands/storage/secrets/secrets_store.py

@@ -7,7 +7,18 @@
 
 
 class SecretsStore(ABC):
-    """Storage for secrets. May or may not support multiple users depending on the environment."""
+    """Abstract base class for storing user secrets.
+
+    This is an extension point in OpenHands that allows applications to customize how
+    user secrets are stored. Applications can substitute their own implementation by:
+    1. Creating a class that inherits from SecretsStore
+    2. Implementing all required methods
+    3. Setting server_config.secret_store_class to the fully qualified name of the class
+
+    The class is instantiated via get_impl() in openhands.server.shared.py.
+
+    The implementation may or may not support multiple users depending on the environment.
+    """
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def load(self) -> UserSecrets | None:

openhands/storage/settings/settings_store.py

@@ -7,7 +7,18 @@
 
 
 class SettingsStore(ABC):
-    """Storage for ConversationInitData. May or may not support multiple users depending on the environment."""
+    """Abstract base class for storing user settings.
+
+    This is an extension point in OpenHands that allows applications to customize how
+    user settings are stored. Applications can substitute their own implementation by:
+    1. Creating a class that inherits from SettingsStore
+    2. Implementing all required methods
+    3. Setting server_config.settings_store_class to the fully qualified name of the class
+
+    The class is instantiated via get_impl() in openhands.server.shared.py.
+
+    The implementation may or may not support multiple users depending on the environment.
+    """
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def load(self) -> Settings | None:

openhands/utils/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# OpenHands Utilities
+
+This directory contains various utility functions and classes used throughout OpenHands.
+
+## Runtime Implementation Substitution
+
+OpenHands provides an extensibility mechanism through the `get_impl` and `import_from` functions in `import_utils.py`. This mechanism allows applications built on OpenHands to customize behavior by providing their own implementations of OpenHands base classes.
+
+### How It Works
+
+1. Base classes define interfaces through abstract methods and properties
+2. Default implementations are provided by OpenHands
+3. Applications can provide custom implementations by:
+   - Creating a class that inherits from the base class
+   - Implementing all required methods
+   - Configuring OpenHands to use the custom implementation via configuration
+
+### Example
+
+```python
+# In OpenHands base code:
+class ConversationManager:
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def attach_to_conversation(self, sid: str) -> Conversation:
+        """Attach to an existing conversation."""
+
+# Default implementation in OpenHands:
+class StandaloneConversationManager(ConversationManager):
+    async def attach_to_conversation(self, sid: str) -> Conversation:
+        # Single-server implementation
+        ...
+
+# In your application:
+class ClusteredConversationManager(ConversationManager):
+    async def attach_to_conversation(self, sid: str) -> Conversation:
+        # Custom distributed implementation
+        ...
+
+# In configuration:
+server_config.conversation_manager_class = 'myapp.ClusteredConversationManager'
+```
+
+### Common Extension Points
+
+OpenHands provides several components that can be extended:
+
+1. Server Components:
+   - `ConversationManager`: Manages conversation lifecycles
+   - `UserAuth`: Handles user authentication
+   - `MonitoringListener`: Provides monitoring capabilities
+
+2. Storage:
+   - `ConversationStore`: Stores conversation data
+   - `SettingsStore`: Manages user settings
+   - `SecretsStore`: Handles sensitive data
+
+3. Service Integrations:
+   - GitHub service
+   - GitLab service
+
+### Implementation Details
+
+The mechanism is implemented through two key functions:
+
+1. `import_from(qual_name: str)`: Imports any Python value from its fully qualified name
+   ```python
+   UserAuth = import_from('openhands.server.user_auth.UserAuth')
+   ```
+
+2. `get_impl(cls: type[T], impl_name: str | None) -> type[T]`: Imports and validates a class implementation
+   ```python
+   ConversationManagerImpl = get_impl(
+       ConversationManager,
+       server_config.conversation_manager_class
+   )
+   ```
+
+The `get_impl` function ensures type safety by validating that the imported class is either the same as or a subclass of the specified base class. It also caches results to avoid repeated imports.

openhands/utils/import_utils.py

@@ -6,7 +6,23 @@
 
 
 def import_from(qual_name: str):
-    """Import the value from the qualified name given"""
+    """Import a value from its fully qualified name.
+
+    This function is a utility to dynamically import any Python value (class, function, variable)
+    from its fully qualified name. For example, 'openhands.server.user_auth.UserAuth' would
+    import the UserAuth class from the openhands.server.user_auth module.
+
+    Args:
+        qual_name: A fully qualified name in the format 'module.submodule.name'
+                  e.g. 'openhands.server.user_auth.UserAuth'
+
+    Returns:
+        The imported value (class, function, or variable)
+
+    Example:
+        >>> UserAuth = import_from('openhands.server.user_auth.UserAuth')
+        >>> auth = UserAuth()
+    """
     parts = qual_name.split('.')
     module_name = '.'.join(parts[:-1])
     module = importlib.import_module(module_name)
@@ -16,7 +32,36 @@ def import_from(qual_name: str):
 
 @lru_cache()
 def get_impl(cls: type[T], impl_name: str | None) -> type[T]:
-    """Import a named implementation of the specified class"""
+    """Import and validate a named implementation of a base class.
+
+    This function is an extensibility mechanism in OpenHands that allows runtime substitution
+    of implementations. It enables applications to customize behavior by providing their own
+    implementations of OpenHands base classes.
+
+    The function ensures type safety by validating that the imported class is either the same as
+    or a subclass of the specified base class.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The base class that defines the interface
+        impl_name: Fully qualified name of the implementation class, or None to use the base class
+                  e.g. 'openhands.server.conversation_manager.StandaloneConversationManager'
+
+    Returns:
+        The implementation class, which is guaranteed to be a subclass of cls
+
+    Example:
+        >>> # Get default implementation
+        >>> ConversationManager = get_impl(ConversationManager, None)
+        >>> # Get custom implementation
+        >>> CustomManager = get_impl(ConversationManager, 'myapp.CustomConversationManager')
+
+    Common Use Cases:
+        - Server components (ConversationManager, UserAuth, etc.)
+        - Storage implementations (ConversationStore, SettingsStore, etc.)
+        - Service integrations (GitHub, GitLab services)
+
+    The implementation is cached to avoid repeated imports of the same class.
+    """
     if impl_name is None:
         return cls
     impl_class = import_from(impl_name)