Make bundles fully standalone (denoland/deno#3325)

- Bundles are fully standalone. They now include the shared loader with
  `deno_typescript`.
- Refactor of the loader in `deno_typescript` to perform module
  instantiation in a more
- Change of behaviour when an output file is not specified on the CLI.
  Previously a default name was determined and the bundle written to that
  file, now the bundle will be sent to `stdout`.
- Refactors in the TypeScript compiler to be able to support the concept
  of a request type.  This provides a cleaner abstraction and makes it
  easier to support things like single module transpiles to the userland.
- Remove a "dangerous" circular dependency between `os.ts` and `deno.ts`,
  and define `pid` and `noColor` in a better way.
- Don't bind early to `console` in `repl.ts`.
- Add an integration test for generating a bundle.

Author: kitsonk

bundle/README.md

@@ -793,9 +793,8 @@ Particularly useful ones:
 
 ### Bundling
 
-`deno bundle [URL]` will output a single JavaScript file, using
-[AMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_module_definition), which
-includes all dependencies of the specified input.
+`deno bundle [URL]` will output a single JavaScript file, which includes all
+dependencies of the specified input. For example:
 
 ```
 > deno bundle https://deno.land/std/examples/colors.ts
@@ -804,32 +803,21 @@ Emitting bundle to "colors.bundle.js"
 9.2 kB emitted.
 ```
 
-To run then bundle in Deno use
+The bundle can just be run as any other module in Deno would:
 
 ```
-deno https://deno.land/std/bundle/run.ts colors.bundle.js
+deno colors.bundle.js
 ```
 
-Bundles can also be loaded in the web browser with the assistance of
-[RequireJS](https://requirejs.org/). Suppose we have a bundle called
-`website.bundle.js`, then the following HTML should be able to load it:
+Bundles can also be loaded in the web browser. For example:
 
 ```html
-<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/2.3.6/require.min.js"></script>
 <script src="website.bundle.js"></script>
-<script>
-  requirejs(["website"], website => website.main());
-</script>
 ```
 
-Here we assume there's an exported function `main()` from `website.ts`.
-
-```js
-// website.ts
-export main() {
-  console.log("hello from the web browser");
-}
-```
+Bundles, whether loaded in the web browser, or in Deno, would run the root
+module which is specified on the command line when creating the bundle, so put
+any initiation logic in that module.
 
 ### Installing executable scripts