feat: add LeetCode problem 434 (#1252)

* feat: add LeetCode problem 434

Adds solution of problem 434 for leetcode. Beats 100% Time, 97.18% space

* docs: updating `leetcode/DIRECTORY.md`

* Update 434.c

---------

Co-authored-by: PalAditya <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: github-actions[bot] <41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Alexander Pantyukhin <[email protected]>

Author: 3 people

leetcode/DIRECTORY.md

@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@
 |  387 | [First Unique Character in a String](https://leetcode.com/problems/first-unique-character-in-a-string)                                                 | [C](./src/387.c)  | Easy       |
 |  389 | [Find the Difference](https://leetcode.com/problems/find-the-difference)                                                                               | [C](./src/389.c)  | Easy       |
 |  404 | [Sum of Left Leaves](https://leetcode.com/problems/sum-of-left-leaves)                                                                                 | [C](./src/404.c)  | Easy       |
+|  434 | [Number of Segments in a String](https://leetcode.com/problems/number-of-segments-in-a-string)                                                         | [C](./src/434.c)  | Easy       |
 |  442 | [Find All Duplicates in an Array](https://leetcode.com/problems/find-all-duplicates-in-an-array)                                                       | [C](./src/442.c)  | Medium     |
 |  461 | [Hamming Distance](https://leetcode.com/problems/hamming-distance)                                                                                     | [C](./src/461.c)  | Easy       |
 |  476 | [Number Complement](https://leetcode.com/problems/number-complement)                                                                                   | [C](./src/476.c)  | Easy       |

leetcode/src/434.c

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Given a string s, returns the number of segments in the string.
+int countSegments(char * s){
+    int sLen = strlen(s);
+    int prevSpace = 1;
+    int result = 0;
+    char currChar;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < sLen; i++){
+        currChar = s[i];
+
+        //A string of whitespaces will only be counted once as the condition below is only true when we transition from whitespace to non-whitespace.
+        //Since we start with assumed whitespace (prevSpace = 1), initial whitespaces are handled as well, if any
+        if (s[i] != ' ' && prevSpace) {
+            result++;
+        }
+        prevSpace = (currChar == ' ');
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}