diff --git a/benchmark/misc/hidestackframes.js b/benchmark/error/hidestackframes.js
similarity index 100%
rename from benchmark/misc/hidestackframes.js
rename to benchmark/error/hidestackframes.js
diff --git a/benchmark/error/node-error-instantiation.js b/benchmark/error/node-error-instantiation.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..333087b9195894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/error/node-error-instantiation.js
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+const assert = require('assert');
+
+const bench = common.createBenchmark(main, {
+  n: [1e6],
+  code: [
+    'built-in',
+    'ERR_HTTP2_STREAM_SELF_DEPENDENCY',
+    'ERR_INVALID_STATE',
+    'ERR_INVALID_URL',
+  ],
+  stackTraceLimit: [0, 10],
+}, {
+  flags: ['--expose-internals'],
+});
+
+function getErrorFactory(code) {
+  const {
+    ERR_HTTP2_STREAM_SELF_DEPENDENCY,
+    ERR_INVALID_STATE,
+    ERR_INVALID_URL,
+  } = require('internal/errors').codes;
+
+  switch (code) {
+    case 'built-in':
+      return (n) => new Error();
+    case 'ERR_HTTP2_STREAM_SELF_DEPENDENCY':
+      return (n) => new ERR_HTTP2_STREAM_SELF_DEPENDENCY();
+    case 'ERR_INVALID_STATE':
+      return (n) => new ERR_INVALID_STATE(n + '');
+    case 'ERR_INVALID_URL':
+      return (n) => new ERR_INVALID_URL({ input: n + '' });
+    default:
+      throw new Error(`${code} not supported`);
+  }
+}
+
+function main({ n, code, stackTraceLimit }) {
+  const getError = getErrorFactory(code);
+
+  Error.stackTraceLimit = stackTraceLimit;
+
+  // Warm up.
+  const length = 1024;
+  const array = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
+    array.push(getError(i));
+  }
+
+  bench.start();
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+    const index = i % length;
+    array[index] = getError(index);
+  }
+
+  bench.end(n);
+
+  // Verify the entries to prevent dead code elimination from making
+  // the benchmark invalid.
+  for (let i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
+    assert.strictEqual(typeof array[i], 'object');
+  }
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/error/node-error-stack.js b/benchmark/error/node-error-stack.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..06319ccd17105f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/error/node-error-stack.js
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+const assert = require('assert');
+
+const bench = common.createBenchmark(main, {
+  n: [1e6],
+  code: [
+    'built-in',
+    'ERR_HTTP2_STREAM_SELF_DEPENDENCY',
+    'ERR_INVALID_STATE',
+  ],
+  stackTraceLimit: [0, 10],
+}, {
+  flags: ['--expose-internals'],
+});
+
+function getErrorStackFactory(code) {
+  const {
+    ERR_INVALID_STATE,
+    ERR_HTTP2_STREAM_SELF_DEPENDENCY,
+  } = require('internal/errors').codes;
+
+  switch (code) {
+    case 'built-in':
+      return (n) => new Error().stack;
+    case 'ERR_HTTP2_STREAM_SELF_DEPENDENCY':
+      return (n) => new ERR_HTTP2_STREAM_SELF_DEPENDENCY().stack;
+    case 'ERR_INVALID_STATE':
+      return (n) => new ERR_INVALID_STATE(n + '').stack;
+    default:
+      throw new Error(`${code} not supported`);
+  }
+}
+
+function main({ n, code, stackTraceLimit }) {
+  const getStack = getErrorStackFactory(code);
+
+  Error.stackTraceLimit = stackTraceLimit;
+
+  // Warm up.
+  const length = 1024;
+  const array = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
+    array.push(getStack(i));
+  }
+
+  bench.start();
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+    const index = i % length;
+    array[index] = getStack(index);
+  }
+
+  bench.end(n);
+
+  // Verify the entries to prevent dead code elimination from making
+  // the benchmark invalid.
+  for (let i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
+    assert.strictEqual(typeof array[i], 'string');
+  }
+}
diff --git a/benchmark/error/node-error.js b/benchmark/error/node-error.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a0aef91f04a06..00000000000000
--- a/benchmark/error/node-error.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-'use strict';
-
-const common = require('../common');
-
-const bench = common.createBenchmark(main, {
-  n: [1e7],
-}, {
-  flags: ['--expose-internals'],
-});
-
-function main({ n }) {
-  const {
-    codes: {
-      ERR_INVALID_STATE,
-    },
-  } = require('internal/errors');
-  bench.start();
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; ++i)
-    new ERR_INVALID_STATE.TypeError('test');
-  bench.end(n);
-}
diff --git a/lib/internal/crypto/hkdf.js b/lib/internal/crypto/hkdf.js
index 7f0fe5534ee843..cf3c39e8d9da5a 100644
--- a/lib/internal/crypto/hkdf.js
+++ b/lib/internal/crypto/hkdf.js
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ const validateParameters = hideStackFrames((hash, key, salt, info, length) => {
   validateInteger(length, 'length', 0, kMaxLength);
 
   if (info.byteLength > 1024) {
-    throw ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE(
+    throw new ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE(
       'info',
       'must not contain more than 1024 bytes',
       info.byteLength);
diff --git a/lib/internal/errors.js b/lib/internal/errors.js
index 4e332e1ce18d16..6bba8ec095e86e 100644
--- a/lib/internal/errors.js
+++ b/lib/internal/errors.js
@@ -175,9 +175,10 @@ const aggregateErrors = hideStackFrames((errors, message, code) => {
   return err;
 });
 
+const assert = require('internal/assert');
+
 // Lazily loaded
 let util;
-let assert;
 
 let internalUtil = null;
 function lazyInternalUtil() {
@@ -371,42 +372,103 @@ function makeSystemErrorWithCode(key) {
 }
 
 function makeNodeErrorWithCode(Base, key) {
-  return function NodeError(...args) {
-    const limit = Error.stackTraceLimit;
-    if (isErrorStackTraceLimitWritable()) Error.stackTraceLimit = 0;
-    const error = new Base();
-    // Reset the limit and setting the name property.
-    if (isErrorStackTraceLimitWritable()) Error.stackTraceLimit = limit;
-    const message = getMessage(key, args, error);
-    ObjectDefineProperties(error, {
-      [kIsNodeError]: {
-        __proto__: null,
-        value: true,
-        enumerable: false,
-        writable: false,
-        configurable: true,
-      },
-      message: {
-        __proto__: null,
-        value: message,
-        enumerable: false,
-        writable: true,
-        configurable: true,
-      },
-      toString: {
-        __proto__: null,
-        value() {
+  const msg = messages.get(key);
+  const expectedLength = typeof msg !== 'string' ? -1 : getExpectedArgumentLength(msg);
+
+  switch (expectedLength) {
+    case 0: {
+      class NodeError extends Base {
+        code = key;
+
+        constructor(...args) {
+          assert(
+            args.length === 0,
+            `Code: ${key}; The provided arguments length (${args.length}) does not ` +
+              `match the required ones (${expectedLength}).`,
+          );
+          super(msg);
+        }
+
+        // This is a workaround for wpt tests that expect that the error
+        // constructor has a `name` property of the base class.
+        get ['constructor']() {
+          return Base;
+        }
+
+        get [kIsNodeError]() {
+          return true;
+        }
+
+        toString() {
           return `${this.name} [${key}]: ${this.message}`;
-        },
-        enumerable: false,
-        writable: true,
-        configurable: true,
-      },
-    });
-    captureLargerStackTrace(error);
-    error.code = key;
-    return error;
-  };
+        }
+      }
+      return NodeError;
+    }
+    case -1: {
+      class NodeError extends Base {
+        code = key;
+
+        constructor(...args) {
+          super();
+          ObjectDefineProperty(this, 'message', {
+            __proto__: null,
+            value: getMessage(key, args, this),
+            enumerable: false,
+            writable: true,
+            configurable: true,
+          });
+        }
+
+        // This is a workaround for wpt tests that expect that the error
+        // constructor has a `name` property of the base class.
+        get ['constructor']() {
+          return Base;
+        }
+
+        get [kIsNodeError]() {
+          return true;
+        }
+
+        toString() {
+          return `${this.name} [${key}]: ${this.message}`;
+        }
+      }
+      return NodeError;
+    }
+    default: {
+
+      class NodeError extends Base {
+        code = key;
+
+        constructor(...args) {
+          assert(
+            args.length === expectedLength,
+            `Code: ${key}; The provided arguments length (${args.length}) does not ` +
+              `match the required ones (${expectedLength}).`,
+          );
+
+          ArrayPrototypeUnshift(args, msg);
+          super(ReflectApply(lazyInternalUtilInspect().format, null, args));
+        }
+
+        // This is a workaround for wpt tests that expect that the error
+        // constructor has a `name` property of the base class.
+        get ['constructor']() {
+          return Base;
+        }
+
+        get [kIsNodeError]() {
+          return true;
+        }
+
+        toString() {
+          return `${this.name} [${key}]: ${this.message}`;
+        }
+      }
+      return NodeError;
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -443,11 +505,16 @@ function E(sym, val, def, ...otherClasses) {
   codes[sym] = def;
 }
 
+function getExpectedArgumentLength(msg) {
+  let expectedLength = 0;
+  const regex = /%[dfijoOs]/g;
+  while (RegExpPrototypeExec(regex, msg) !== null) expectedLength++;
+  return expectedLength;
+}
+
 function getMessage(key, args, self) {
   const msg = messages.get(key);
 
-  assert ??= require('internal/assert');
-
   if (typeof msg === 'function') {
     assert(
       msg.length <= args.length, // Default options do not count.
@@ -457,9 +524,7 @@ function getMessage(key, args, self) {
     return ReflectApply(msg, self, args);
   }
 
-  const regex = /%[dfijoOs]/g;
-  let expectedLength = 0;
-  while (RegExpPrototypeExec(regex, msg) !== null) expectedLength++;
+  const expectedLength = getExpectedArgumentLength(msg);
   assert(
     expectedLength === args.length,
     `Code: ${key}; The provided arguments length (${args.length}) does not ` +
@@ -1476,8 +1541,7 @@ E('ERR_NETWORK_IMPORT_DISALLOWED',
   "import of '%s' by %s is not supported: %s", Error);
 E('ERR_NOT_BUILDING_SNAPSHOT',
   'Operation cannot be invoked when not building startup snapshot', Error);
-E('ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED_IN_SNAPSHOT',
-  '%s is not supported in startup snapshot', Error);
+E('ERR_NOT_SUPPORTED_IN_SNAPSHOT', '%s is not supported in startup snapshot', Error);
 E('ERR_NO_CRYPTO',
   'Node.js is not compiled with OpenSSL crypto support', Error);
 E('ERR_NO_ICU',
diff --git a/lib/internal/fs/streams.js b/lib/internal/fs/streams.js
index c317f3b9202af9..6a213693342b94 100644
--- a/lib/internal/fs/streams.js
+++ b/lib/internal/fs/streams.js
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ function importFd(stream, options) {
     return options.fd.fd;
   }
 
-  throw ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE('options.fd',
-                             ['number', 'FileHandle'], options.fd);
+  throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE('options.fd',
+                                 ['number', 'FileHandle'], options.fd);
 }
 
 function ReadStream(path, options) {
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/hooks.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/hooks.js
index 8ad4d00bbfe06f..8dd81ca52c5318 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/hooks.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/hooks.js
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ class Hooks {
       !isAnyArrayBuffer(source) &&
       !isArrayBufferView(source)
     ) {
-      throw ERR_INVALID_RETURN_PROPERTY_VALUE(
+      throw new ERR_INVALID_RETURN_PROPERTY_VALUE(
         'a string, an ArrayBuffer, or a TypedArray',
         hookErrIdentifier,
         'source',
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ class HooksProxy {
     if (status === 'error') {
       if (body == null || typeof body !== 'object') { throw body; }
       if (body.serializationFailed || body.serialized == null) {
-        throw ERR_WORKER_UNSERIALIZABLE_ERROR();
+        throw new ERR_WORKER_UNSERIALIZABLE_ERROR();
       }
 
       // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax
diff --git a/lib/internal/navigator.js b/lib/internal/navigator.js
index 3b8343cd7ed6f8..5971891ea73cc9 100644
--- a/lib/internal/navigator.js
+++ b/lib/internal/navigator.js
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class Navigator {
     if (arguments[0] === kInitialize) {
       return;
     }
-    throw ERR_ILLEGAL_CONSTRUCTOR();
+    throw new ERR_ILLEGAL_CONSTRUCTOR();
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/lib/internal/url.js b/lib/internal/url.js
index 13a9e287ffc47a..ca41c48582b19d 100644
--- a/lib/internal/url.js
+++ b/lib/internal/url.js
@@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ class URL {
   set href(value) {
     value = `${value}`;
     const href = bindingUrl.update(this.#context.href, updateActions.kHref, value);
-    if (!href) { throw ERR_INVALID_URL(value); }
+    if (!href) { throw new ERR_INVALID_URL(value); }
     this.#updateContext(href);
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/stream.js b/lib/stream.js
index 9a09401e7d016a..cdbc1fe0380694 100644
--- a/lib/stream.js
+++ b/lib/stream.js
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ for (const key of ObjectKeys(streamReturningOperators)) {
   const op = streamReturningOperators[key];
   function fn(...args) {
     if (new.target) {
-      throw ERR_ILLEGAL_CONSTRUCTOR();
+      throw new ERR_ILLEGAL_CONSTRUCTOR();
     }
     return Stream.Readable.from(ReflectApply(op, this, args));
   }
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ for (const key of ObjectKeys(promiseReturningOperators)) {
   const op = promiseReturningOperators[key];
   function fn(...args) {
     if (new.target) {
-      throw ERR_ILLEGAL_CONSTRUCTOR();
+      throw new ERR_ILLEGAL_CONSTRUCTOR();
     }
     return ReflectApply(op, this, args);
   }
diff --git a/test/common/index.js b/test/common/index.js
index c10dea59319264..338e773a353eff 100644
--- a/test/common/index.js
+++ b/test/common/index.js
@@ -720,9 +720,8 @@ function expectsError(validator, exact) {
       assert.fail(`Expected one argument, got ${inspect(args)}`);
     }
     const error = args.pop();
-    const descriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(error, 'message');
     // The error message should be non-enumerable
-    assert.strictEqual(descriptor.enumerable, false);
+    assert.strictEqual(Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(error, 'message'), false);
 
     assert.throws(() => { throw error; }, validator);
     return true;
diff --git a/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/junit_reporter.snapshot b/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/junit_reporter.snapshot
index 6516387e7ed582..e0a4c331dd5c22 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/junit_reporter.snapshot
+++ b/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/junit_reporter.snapshot
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 		<skipped type="todo" message="true"/>
 		<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="thrown from sync fail todo">
 [Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from sync fail todo] {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: Error: thrown from sync fail todo
       *
@@ -18,8 +19,7 @@
       *
       *
       *
-      at async Test.processPendingSubtests (node:internal/test_runner/test:374:7),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 		<skipped type="todo" message="this is a failing todo"/>
 		<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="thrown from sync fail todo with message">
 [Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from sync fail todo with message] {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: Error: thrown from sync fail todo with message
       *
@@ -35,8 +36,7 @@
       *
       *
       *
-      at async Test.processPendingSubtests (node:internal/test_runner/test:374:7),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 	<testcase name="sync throw fail" time="*" classname="test" failure="thrown from sync throw fail">
 		<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="thrown from sync throw fail">
 [Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from sync throw fail] {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: Error: thrown from sync throw fail
       *
@@ -59,8 +60,7 @@
       *
       *
       *
-      at async Test.processPendingSubtests (node:internal/test_runner/test:374:7),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@
 	<testcase name="async throw fail" time="*" classname="test" failure="thrown from async throw fail">
 		<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="thrown from async throw fail">
 [Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from async throw fail] {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: Error: thrown from async throw fail
       *
@@ -79,8 +80,7 @@
       *
       *
       *
-      at async Test.processPendingSubtests (node:internal/test_runner/test:374:7),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@
 		<skipped type="skipped" message="true"/>
 		<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="thrown from async throw fail">
 [Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from async throw fail] {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: Error: thrown from async throw fail
       *
@@ -96,8 +97,7 @@
       *
       *
       *
-      at async Test.processPendingSubtests (node:internal/test_runner/test:374:7),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@
 
 true !== false
 ] {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: Expected values to be strictly equal:
   
@@ -124,8 +125,7 @@ true !== false
     actual: true,
     expected: false,
     operator: 'strictEqual'
-  },
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+  }
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ true !== false
 	<testcase name="reject fail" time="*" classname="test" failure="rejected from reject fail">
 		<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="rejected from reject fail">
 [Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: rejected from reject fail] {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: Error: rejected from reject fail
       *
@@ -141,8 +142,7 @@ true !== false
       *
       *
       *
-      at async Test.processPendingSubtests (node:internal/test_runner/test:374:7),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -156,6 +156,7 @@ true !== false
 			<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="thrown from subtest sync throw fail">
 Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fail
     * {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: Error: thrown from subtest sync throw fail
       *
@@ -167,8 +168,7 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fail
       *
       *
       *
-      at Test.postRun (node:internal/test_runner/test:715:19),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 			</failure>
 		</testcase>
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fail
 	</testsuite>
 	<testcase name="sync throw non-error fail" time="*" classname="test" failure="Symbol(thrown symbol from sync throw non-error fail)">
 		<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="Symbol(thrown symbol from sync throw non-error fail)">
-[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: Symbol(thrown symbol from sync throw non-error fail)] { failureType: 'testCodeFailure', cause: Symbol(thrown symbol from sync throw non-error fail), code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE' }
+[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: Symbol(thrown symbol from sync throw non-error fail)] { code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE', failureType: 'testCodeFailure', cause: Symbol(thrown symbol from sync throw non-error fail) }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
 	<testsuite name="level 0a" time="*" disabled="0" errors="0" tests="4" failures="0" skipped="0" hostname="HOSTNAME">
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fail
 	<testsuite name="top level" time="*" disabled="0" errors="0" tests="2" failures="1" skipped="0" hostname="HOSTNAME">
 		<testcase name="+long running" time="*" classname="test" failure="test did not finish before its parent and was cancelled">
 			<failure type="cancelledByParent" message="test did not finish before its parent and was cancelled">
-[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: test did not finish before its parent and was cancelled] { failureType: 'cancelledByParent', cause: 'test did not finish before its parent and was cancelled', code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE' }
+[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: test did not finish before its parent and was cancelled] { code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE', failureType: 'cancelledByParent', cause: 'test did not finish before its parent and was cancelled' }
 			</failure>
 		</testcase>
 		<testsuite name="+short running" time="*" disabled="0" errors="0" tests="1" failures="0" skipped="0" hostname="HOSTNAME">
@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fail
 	<testcase name="sync skip option is false fail" time="*" classname="test" failure="this should be executed">
 		<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="this should be executed">
 [Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: this should be executed] {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: Error: this should be executed
       *
@@ -213,8 +214,7 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fail
       *
       *
       *
-      at async Test.processPendingSubtests (node:internal/test_runner/test:374:7),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -236,11 +236,11 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fail
 	<testcase name="callback fail" time="*" classname="test" failure="callback failure">
 		<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="callback failure">
 [Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: callback failure] {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: Error: callback failure
       *
-      at process.processImmediate (node:internal/timers:478:21),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -249,12 +249,13 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fail
 	<testcase name="callback t is this in test" time="*" classname="test"/>
 	<testcase name="callback also returns a Promise" time="*" classname="test" failure="passed a callback but also returned a Promise">
 		<failure type="callbackAndPromisePresent" message="passed a callback but also returned a Promise">
-[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: passed a callback but also returned a Promise] { failureType: 'callbackAndPromisePresent', cause: 'passed a callback but also returned a Promise', code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE' }
+[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: passed a callback but also returned a Promise] { code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE', failureType: 'callbackAndPromisePresent', cause: 'passed a callback but also returned a Promise' }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
 	<testcase name="callback throw" time="*" classname="test" failure="thrown from callback throw">
 		<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="thrown from callback throw">
 [Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from callback throw] {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: Error: thrown from callback throw
       *
@@ -263,8 +264,7 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fail
       *
       *
       *
-      at async Test.processPendingSubtests (node:internal/test_runner/test:374:7),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -273,9 +273,9 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fail
 Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: callback invoked multiple times
     *
     * {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'multipleCallbackInvocations',
-  cause: 'callback invoked multiple times',
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+  cause: 'callback invoked multiple times'
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -284,14 +284,14 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: callback invoked multiple times
 		<failure type="uncaughtException" message="callback invoked multiple times">
 Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: callback invoked multiple times
     * {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'uncaughtException',
   cause: Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: callback invoked multiple times
       * {
+    code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
     failureType: 'multipleCallbackInvocations',
-    cause: 'callback invoked multiple times',
-    code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
-  },
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+    cause: 'callback invoked multiple times'
+  }
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -299,11 +299,11 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: callback invoked multiple times
 		<failure type="uncaughtException" message="thrown from callback async throw">
 Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from callback async throw
     * {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'uncaughtException',
   cause: Error: thrown from callback async throw
       *
-      at process.processImmediate (node:internal/timers:478:21),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from callback async throw
 	<!-- 'only' and 'runOnly' require the &#45;&#45;test-only command-line option. -->
 	<testcase name="custom inspect symbol fail" time="*" classname="test" failure="customized">
 		<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="customized">
-[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: customized] { failureType: 'testCodeFailure', cause: customized, code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE' }
+[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: customized] { code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE', failureType: 'testCodeFailure', cause: customized }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
 	<testcase name="custom inspect symbol that throws fail" time="*" classname="test" failure="{  foo: 1,  [Symbol(nodejs.util.inspect.custom)]: [Function: [nodejs.util.inspect.custom]]}">
@@ -328,9 +328,9 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from callback async throw
   foo: 1,
   [Symbol(nodejs.util.inspect.custom)]: [Function: [nodejs.util.inspect.custom]]
 }] {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
-  cause: { foo: 1, [Symbol(nodejs.util.inspect.custom)]: [Function: [nodejs.util.inspect.custom]] },
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+  cause: { foo: 1, [Symbol(nodejs.util.inspect.custom)]: [Function: [nodejs.util.inspect.custom]] }
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -339,6 +339,7 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from callback async throw
 			<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="thrown from subtest sync throw fails at first">
 Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fails at first
     * {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: Error: thrown from subtest sync throw fails at first
       *
@@ -350,8 +351,7 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fails at first
       *
       *
       *
-      at Test.postRun (node:internal/test_runner/test:715:19),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 			</failure>
 		</testcase>
@@ -359,6 +359,7 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fails at first
 			<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="thrown from subtest sync throw fails at second">
 Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fails at second
     * {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: Error: thrown from subtest sync throw fails at second
       *
@@ -370,20 +371,19 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fails at second
       *
       *
       *
-      at async Test.run (node:internal/test_runner/test:632:9),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 			</failure>
 		</testcase>
 	</testsuite>
 	<testcase name="timed out async test" time="*" classname="test" failure="test timed out after 5ms">
 		<failure type="testTimeoutFailure" message="test timed out after 5ms">
-[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: test timed out after 5ms] { failureType: 'testTimeoutFailure', cause: 'test timed out after 5ms', code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE' }
+[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: test timed out after 5ms] { code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE', failureType: 'testTimeoutFailure', cause: 'test timed out after 5ms' }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
 	<testcase name="timed out callback test" time="*" classname="test" failure="test timed out after 5ms">
 		<failure type="testTimeoutFailure" message="test timed out after 5ms">
-[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: test timed out after 5ms] { failureType: 'testTimeoutFailure', cause: 'test timed out after 5ms', code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE' }
+[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: test timed out after 5ms] { code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE', failureType: 'testTimeoutFailure', cause: 'test timed out after 5ms' }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
 	<testcase name="large timeout async test is ok" time="*" classname="test"/>
@@ -391,19 +391,19 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: thrown from subtest sync throw fails at second
 	<testcase name="successful thenable" time="*" classname="test"/>
 	<testcase name="rejected thenable" time="*" classname="test" failure="custom error">
 		<failure type="testCodeFailure" message="custom error">
-[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: custom error] { failureType: 'testCodeFailure', cause: 'custom error', code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE' }
+[Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: custom error] { code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE', failureType: 'testCodeFailure', cause: 'custom error' }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
 	<testcase name="unfinished test with uncaughtException" time="*" classname="test" failure="foo">
 		<failure type="uncaughtException" message="foo">
 Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: foo
     * {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'uncaughtException',
   cause: Error: foo
       *
       *
-      at process.processTimers (node:internal/timers:514:7),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -411,12 +411,12 @@ Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: foo
 		<failure type="unhandledRejection" message="bar">
 Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: bar
     * {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'unhandledRejection',
   cause: Error: bar
       *
       *
-      at process.processTimers (node:internal/timers:514:7),
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+      *
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -435,6 +435,7 @@ should loosely deep-equal
   bar: 2,
   c: [Circular *1]
 }] {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'testCodeFailure',
   cause: AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: Expected values to be loosely deep-equal:
   
@@ -455,8 +456,7 @@ should loosely deep-equal
     actual: [Object],
     expected: [Object],
     operator: 'deepEqual'
-  },
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+  }
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
@@ -464,9 +464,9 @@ should loosely deep-equal
 		<failure type="parentAlreadyFinished" message="test could not be started because its parent finished">
 Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: test could not be started because its parent finished
     * {
+  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
   failureType: 'parentAlreadyFinished',
-  cause: 'test could not be started because its parent finished',
-  code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+  cause: 'test could not be started because its parent finished'
 }
 		</failure>
 	</testcase>
diff --git a/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/spec_reporter.snapshot b/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/spec_reporter.snapshot
index 5dc05d5b43c12d..8f14dc7fc9bade 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/spec_reporter.snapshot
+++ b/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/spec_reporter.snapshot
@@ -178,9 +178,9 @@
  callback called twice in future tick (*ms)
   Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: callback invoked multiple times
       * {
+    code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
     failureType: 'multipleCallbackInvocations',
-    cause: 'callback invoked multiple times',
-    code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+    cause: 'callback invoked multiple times'
   }
 
  callback async throw (*ms)
@@ -449,9 +449,9 @@
  callback called twice in future tick (*ms)
   Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: callback invoked multiple times
       * {
+    code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
     failureType: 'multipleCallbackInvocations',
-    cause: 'callback invoked multiple times',
-    code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+    cause: 'callback invoked multiple times'
   }
 
 *
diff --git a/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/spec_reporter_cli.snapshot b/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/spec_reporter_cli.snapshot
index 25c22069c3b8e7..a9b70560d905b2 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/spec_reporter_cli.snapshot
+++ b/test/fixtures/test-runner/output/spec_reporter_cli.snapshot
@@ -178,9 +178,9 @@
  callback called twice in future tick (*ms)
   Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: callback invoked multiple times
       * {
+    code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
     failureType: 'multipleCallbackInvocations',
-    cause: 'callback invoked multiple times',
-    code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+    cause: 'callback invoked multiple times'
   }
 
  callback async throw (*ms)
@@ -449,9 +449,9 @@
  callback called twice in future tick (*ms)
   Error [ERR_TEST_FAILURE]: callback invoked multiple times
       * {
+    code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE',
     failureType: 'multipleCallbackInvocations',
-    cause: 'callback invoked multiple times',
-    code: 'ERR_TEST_FAILURE'
+    cause: 'callback invoked multiple times'
   }
 
 *
diff --git a/test/message/internal_assert.out b/test/message/internal_assert.out
index bd25c879478083..197b863bf6ae69 100644
--- a/test/message/internal_assert.out
+++ b/test/message/internal_assert.out
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ node:internal/assert:*
 Error [ERR_INTERNAL_ASSERTION]: This is caused by either a bug in Node.js or incorrect usage of Node.js internals.
 Please open an issue with this stack trace at https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues
 
-    at new NodeError (node:internal/errors:*:*)
     at assert (node:internal/assert:*:*)
     at * (*test*message*internal_assert.js:7:1)
     at *
diff --git a/test/message/internal_assert_fail.out b/test/message/internal_assert_fail.out
index 408d6d3364470d..e6895691cda9c1 100644
--- a/test/message/internal_assert_fail.out
+++ b/test/message/internal_assert_fail.out
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ Error [ERR_INTERNAL_ASSERTION]: Unreachable!
 This is caused by either a bug in Node.js or incorrect usage of Node.js internals.
 Please open an issue with this stack trace at https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues
 
-    at new NodeError (node:internal/errors:*:*)
     at Function.fail (node:internal/assert:*:*)
     at * (*test*message*internal_assert_fail.js:7:8)
     at *
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-repl-top-level-await.js b/test/parallel/test-repl-top-level-await.js
index 1abcca75f1e2a0..c8bc26fad62e5c 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-repl-top-level-await.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-repl-top-level-await.js
@@ -207,8 +207,8 @@ async function ctrlCTest() {
   assert.deepStrictEqual(output.slice(0, 3), [
     'await new Promise(() => {})\r',
     'Uncaught:',
-    'Error [ERR_SCRIPT_EXECUTION_INTERRUPTED]: ' +
-      'Script execution was interrupted by `SIGINT`',
+    '[Error [ERR_SCRIPT_EXECUTION_INTERRUPTED]: ' +
+      'Script execution was interrupted by `SIGINT`] {',
   ]);
   assert.deepStrictEqual(output.slice(-2), [
     '}',