diff --git a/.github/workflows/continuous-integration.yml b/.github/workflows/continuous-integration.yml
index 542883ec591..34db89b56b5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/continuous-integration.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/continuous-integration.yml
@@ -37,10 +37,8 @@ jobs:
         os:
           - "ubuntu-22.04"
         php-version:
-          - "8.1"
-          - "8.2"
-          - "8.3"
           - "8.4"
+          - "8.5"
         dependencies:
           - "highest"
         extension:
@@ -101,15 +99,15 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         php-version:
-          - "8.1"
-          - "8.2"
-          - "8.3"
+          - "8.4"
         oracle-version:
           - "18"
           - "21"
           - "23"
         include:
-          - php-version: "8.4"
+          - php-version: "8.1"
+            oracle-version: "23"
+          - php-version: "8.5"
             oracle-version: "23"
 
     services:
@@ -161,15 +159,15 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         php-version:
-          - "8.1"
-          - "8.2"
-          - "8.3"
+          - "8.4"
         oracle-version:
           - "18"
           - "21"
           - "23"
         include:
-          - php-version: "8.4"
+          - php-version: "8.1"
+            oracle-version: "23"
+          - php-version: "8.5"
             oracle-version: "23"
 
     services:
@@ -221,7 +219,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         php-version:
-          - "8.1"
+          - "8.4"
         postgres-version:
           - "12"
           - "16"
@@ -230,16 +228,16 @@ jobs:
           - "pgsql"
           - "pdo_pgsql"
         include:
-          - php-version: "8.2"
+          - php-version: "8.1"
             postgres-version: "17"
             extension: "pgsql"
-          - php-version: "8.3"
+          - php-version: "8.1"
             postgres-version: "17"
-            extension: "pgsql"
-          - php-version: "8.4"
+            extension: "pdo_pgsql"
+          - php-version: "8.5"
             postgres-version: "17"
             extension: "pgsql"
-          - php-version: "8.4"
+          - php-version: "8.5"
             postgres-version: "17"
             extension: "pdo_pgsql"
 
@@ -291,30 +289,27 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         php-version:
-          - "8.1"
+          - "8.4"
         mariadb-version:
           # keep in sync with https://mariadb.org/about/#maintenance-policy
-          - "10.5"  # Oldest version supported by DBAL, LTS (Jun 2025)
-          - "10.6"  # LTS (Jul 2026)
-          - "10.11" # LTS (Feb 2028)
-          - "11.1"  # STS (Aug 2024)
-          - "11.2"  # STS (Nov 2024)
-          - "11.3"  # STS (Feb 2025)
+          - "10.5"  # Oldest version supported by DBAL, LTS (Jun 2025) We have code specific to 10.5.2-10.6.0
+          - "10.6"  # LTS (Jul 2026) We have code specific to 10.6.0-10.10.0
+          - "10.11" # LTS (Feb 2028) We have code specific to ^10.10
           - "11.4"  # LTS (May 2029)
         extension:
           - "mysqli"
           - "pdo_mysql"
         include:
-          - php-version: "8.2"
+          - php-version: "8.1"
             mariadb-version: "11.4"
             extension: "mysqli"
-          - php-version: "8.3"
+          - php-version: "8.1"
             mariadb-version: "11.4"
             extension: "pdo_mysql"
-          - php-version: "8.4"
+          - php-version: "8.5"
             mariadb-version: "11.4"
             extension: "mysqli"
-          - php-version: "8.4"
+          - php-version: "8.5"
             mariadb-version: "11.4"
             extension: "pdo_mysql"
 
@@ -367,7 +362,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         php-version:
-          - "8.3"
+          - "8.4"
         mysql-version:
           - "8.0"
           - "9.1"
@@ -379,29 +374,15 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - config-file-suffix: "-tls"
             php-version: "8.1"
-            mysql-version: "8.0"
-            extension: "mysqli"
-          - php-version: "8.1"
-            mysql-version: "8.0"
+            mysql-version: "9.1"
             extension: "mysqli"
           - php-version: "8.1"
-            mysql-version: "8.0"
-            extension: "pdo_mysql"
-          # Workaround for https://bugs.mysql.com/114876
-          - php-version: "8.3"
-            mysql-version: "8.4"
+            mysql-version: "9.1"
             extension: "mysqli"
-            custom-entrypoint: >-
-              --entrypoint sh mysql:8.4 -c "exec docker-entrypoint.sh mysqld --mysql-native-password=ON"
-          - php-version: "8.3"
-            mysql-version: "8.4"
-            extension: "pdo_mysql"
-            custom-entrypoint: >-
-              --entrypoint sh mysql:8.4 -c "exec docker-entrypoint.sh mysqld --mysql-native-password=ON"
-          - php-version: "8.4"
+          - php-version: "8.5"
             mysql-version: "9.1"
             extension: "mysqli"
-          - php-version: "8.4"
+          - php-version: "8.5"
             mysql-version: "9.1"
             extension: "pdo_mysql"
 
@@ -459,9 +440,8 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         php-version:
           - "8.1"
-          - "8.2"
-          - "8.3"
           - "8.4"
+          - "8.5"
         extension:
           - "sqlsrv"
           - "pdo_sqlsrv"
@@ -527,9 +507,8 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         php-version:
           - "8.1"
-          - "8.2"
-          - "8.3"
           - "8.4"
+          - "8.5"
 
     services:
       ibm_db2:
diff --git a/docs/en/reference/configuration.rst b/docs/en/reference/configuration.rst
index 495a38a8aba..38cb6bdd76d 100644
--- a/docs/en/reference/configuration.rst
+++ b/docs/en/reference/configuration.rst
@@ -324,6 +324,7 @@ pdo_oci / oci8
 -  ``driverOptions`` (array):
     -  ``exclusive`` (boolean): Once specified for an ``oci8`` connection, forces the driver to always establish
        a new connection instead of reusing an existing one from the connection pool.
+    -  ``protocol`` (string): The protocol used to connect to Oracle (default TCP, Autonomous tends to be TCPS). See `docs.oracle.com/en/enterprise-manager/cloud-control/enterprise-manager-cloud-control/13.4/emsec/secured-communication-tcps-access-databases.html <https://docs.oracle.com/en/enterprise-manager/cloud-control/enterprise-manager-cloud-control/13.4/emsec/secured-communication-tcps-access-databases.html>`_.
 
 pdo_sqlsrv / sqlsrv
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/src/Driver/AbstractOracleDriver/EasyConnectString.php b/src/Driver/AbstractOracleDriver/EasyConnectString.php
index a7778176ce5..be85d5f63ad 100644
--- a/src/Driver/AbstractOracleDriver/EasyConnectString.php
+++ b/src/Driver/AbstractOracleDriver/EasyConnectString.php
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ public static function fromConnectionParameters(array $params): self
         return self::fromArray([
             'DESCRIPTION' => [
                 'ADDRESS' => [
-                    'PROTOCOL' => 'TCP',
+                    'PROTOCOL' => $params['driverOptions']['protocol'] ?? 'TCP',
                     'HOST' => $params['host'],
                     'PORT' => $params['port'] ?? 1521,
                 ],
diff --git a/src/Driver/OCI8/Connection.php b/src/Driver/OCI8/Connection.php
index 8334cb94171..64c210c4989 100644
--- a/src/Driver/OCI8/Connection.php
+++ b/src/Driver/OCI8/Connection.php
@@ -47,15 +47,21 @@ public function getServerVersion(): string
         return $matches[1];
     }
 
-    /** @throws Parser\Exception */
+    /**
+     * @throws Parser\Exception
+     * @throws Error
+     */
     public function prepare(string $sql): Statement
     {
         $visitor = new ConvertPositionalToNamedPlaceholders();
 
         $this->parser->parse($sql, $visitor);
 
-        $statement = oci_parse($this->connection, $visitor->getSQL());
-        assert(is_resource($statement));
+        $statement = @oci_parse($this->connection, $visitor->getSQL());
+
+        if (! is_resource($statement)) {
+            throw Error::new($this->connection);
+        }
 
         return new Statement($this->connection, $statement, $visitor->getParameterMap(), $this->executionMode);
     }
diff --git a/src/Driver/PDO/PDOConnect.php b/src/Driver/PDO/PDOConnect.php
index f14a97c07aa..742298dd072 100644
--- a/src/Driver/PDO/PDOConnect.php
+++ b/src/Driver/PDO/PDOConnect.php
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ private function doConnect(
         string $password,
         array $options,
     ): PDO {
-        // see https://github.com/php/php-src/issues/16314
-        if (PHP_VERSION_ID < 80400 || ($options[PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT] ?? false) === true) {
+        if (PHP_VERSION_ID < 80400) {
             return new PDO($dsn, $username, $password, $options);
         }
 
diff --git a/src/Platforms/AbstractPlatform.php b/src/Platforms/AbstractPlatform.php
index 7555fe217e1..c80a4a6ac4b 100644
--- a/src/Platforms/AbstractPlatform.php
+++ b/src/Platforms/AbstractPlatform.php
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 use function is_float;
 use function is_int;
 use function is_string;
+use function key;
 use function max;
 use function mb_strlen;
 use function preg_quote;
@@ -195,7 +196,11 @@ public function getEnumDeclarationSQL(array $column): string
             throw ColumnValuesRequired::new($this, 'ENUM');
         }
 
-        return $this->getStringTypeDeclarationSQL(['length' => max(...array_map(mb_strlen(...), $column['values']))]);
+        $length = count($column['values']) > 1
+            ? max(...array_map(mb_strlen(...), $column['values']))
+            : mb_strlen($column['values'][key($column['values'])]);
+
+        return $this->getStringTypeDeclarationSQL(['length' => $length]);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/tests/Driver/AbstractOracleDriver/EasyConnectStringTest.php b/tests/Driver/AbstractOracleDriver/EasyConnectStringTest.php
index 2f7a067bbe0..e12d272313e 100644
--- a/tests/Driver/AbstractOracleDriver/EasyConnectStringTest.php
+++ b/tests/Driver/AbstractOracleDriver/EasyConnectStringTest.php
@@ -57,6 +57,18 @@ public static function connectionParametersProvider(): iterable
                 '(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=localhost)(PORT=41521))'
                     . '(CONNECT_DATA=(SID=XE)(INSTANCE_NAME=SALES)(SERVER=POOLED)))',
             ],
+            'tcps-params' => [
+                [
+                    'host' => 'localhost',
+                    'port' => 41521,
+                    'dbname' => 'XE',
+                    'instancename' => 'SALES',
+                    'pooled' => true,
+                    'driverOptions' => ['protocol' => 'TCPS'],
+                ],
+                '(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCPS)(HOST=localhost)(PORT=41521))'
+                . '(CONNECT_DATA=(SID=XE)(INSTANCE_NAME=SALES)(SERVER=POOLED)))',
+            ],
         ];
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Functional/Driver/OCI8/ConnectionTest.php b/tests/Functional/Driver/OCI8/ConnectionTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..11ba84e65dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Functional/Driver/OCI8/ConnectionTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Doctrine\DBAL\Tests\Functional\Driver\OCI8;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\DriverManager;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Exception\DriverException;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Tests\FunctionalTestCase;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Tests\TestUtil;
+use Throwable;
+
+class ConnectionTest extends FunctionalTestCase
+{
+    public static function setUpBeforeClass(): void
+    {
+        if (TestUtil::isDriverOneOf('oci8')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self::markTestSkipped('This test requires the oci8 driver.');
+    }
+
+    public function testPrepareThrowsErrorOnConnectionLost(): void
+    {
+        $this->markConnectionNotReusable();
+        $this->killCurrentSession();
+
+        $this->expectException(DriverException::class);
+
+        $this->connection->prepare('SELECT * FROM 1');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Kill the current session, by using another connection
+     * Oracle doesn't allow you to terminate the current session, so we use a second connection
+     */
+    private function killCurrentSession(): void
+    {
+        $row = $this->connection->fetchNumeric(
+            <<<'SQL'
+SELECT SID, SERIAL#
+FROM V$SESSION
+WHERE AUDSID = USERENV('SESSIONID')
+SQL,
+        );
+
+        self::assertNotFalse($row);
+        /** @psalm-suppress PossiblyUndefinedArrayOffset */
+        [$sid, $serialNumber] = $row;
+
+        self::assertNotNull($sid, 'SID is missing.');
+        self::assertNotNull($serialNumber, 'Serial number is missing.');
+
+        $params                               = TestUtil::getConnectionParams();
+        $params['driverOptions']['exclusive'] = true;
+        $secondConnection                     = DriverManager::getConnection($params);
+
+        $sessionParam = $this->connection->quote($sid . ', ' . $serialNumber);
+        $secondConnection->executeStatement('ALTER SYSTEM DISCONNECT SESSION ' . $sessionParam . ' IMMEDIATE');
+
+        // Ensure OCI driver is aware of connection state change by executing any statement
+        try {
+            $this->connection->executeStatement('INVALID SQL');
+        } catch (Throwable) {
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Platforms/AbstractMySQLPlatformTestCase.php b/tests/Platforms/AbstractMySQLPlatformTestCase.php
index 8a7db6bc7e7..b2738b45740 100644
--- a/tests/Platforms/AbstractMySQLPlatformTestCase.php
+++ b/tests/Platforms/AbstractMySQLPlatformTestCase.php
@@ -701,4 +701,13 @@ protected function createComparator(): Comparator
             new ComparatorConfig(),
         );
     }
+
+    /** @return array<string, array{array<string>, string}> */
+    public static function getEnumDeclarationSQLProvider(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'single value' => [['foo'], "ENUM('foo')"],
+            'multiple values' => [['foo', 'bar1'], "ENUM('foo', 'bar1')"],
+        ];
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Platforms/AbstractPlatformTestCase.php b/tests/Platforms/AbstractPlatformTestCase.php
index 659c45d76c3..2ff1b704b93 100644
--- a/tests/Platforms/AbstractPlatformTestCase.php
+++ b/tests/Platforms/AbstractPlatformTestCase.php
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 use Doctrine\DBAL\Exception;
 use Doctrine\DBAL\Exception\InvalidColumnDeclaration;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Exception\InvalidColumnType\ColumnValuesRequired;
 use Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\AbstractPlatform;
 use Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\Column;
 use Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\ColumnDiff;
@@ -1019,4 +1020,38 @@ public static function asciiStringSqlDeclarationDataProvider(): array
             ['CHAR(12)', ['length' => 12, 'fixed' => true]],
         ];
     }
+
+    /** @param array<string> $values */
+    #[DataProvider('getEnumDeclarationSQLProvider')]
+    public function testGetEnumDeclarationSQL(array $values, string $expectedSQL): void
+    {
+        self::assertSame($expectedSQL, $this->platform->getEnumDeclarationSQL(['values' => $values]));
+    }
+
+    /** @return array<string, array{array<string>, string}> */
+    public static function getEnumDeclarationSQLProvider(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'single value' => [['foo'], 'VARCHAR(3)'],
+            'multiple values' => [['foo', 'bar1'], 'VARCHAR(4)'],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /** @param array<mixed> $column */
+    #[DataProvider('getEnumDeclarationSQLWithInvalidValuesProvider')]
+    public function testGetEnumDeclarationSQLWithInvalidValues(array $column): void
+    {
+        self::expectException(ColumnValuesRequired::class);
+        $this->platform->getEnumDeclarationSQL($column);
+    }
+
+    /** @return array<string, array{array<mixed>}> */
+    public static function getEnumDeclarationSQLWithInvalidValuesProvider(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            "field 'values' does not exist" => [[]],
+            "field 'values' is not an array" => [['values' => 'foo']],
+            "field 'values' is an empty array" => [['values' => []]],
+        ];
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Platforms/OraclePlatformTest.php b/tests/Platforms/OraclePlatformTest.php
index 70b63626f8f..66e1bb85c6e 100644
--- a/tests/Platforms/OraclePlatformTest.php
+++ b/tests/Platforms/OraclePlatformTest.php
@@ -596,4 +596,13 @@ public static function asciiStringSqlDeclarationDataProvider(): array
             ['CHAR(12)', ['length' => 12, 'fixed' => true]],
         ];
     }
+
+    /** @return array<string, array{array<string>, string}> */
+    public static function getEnumDeclarationSQLProvider(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'single value' => [['foo'], 'VARCHAR2(3)'],
+            'multiple values' => [['foo', 'bar1'], 'VARCHAR2(4)'],
+        ];
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Platforms/SQLServerPlatformTest.php b/tests/Platforms/SQLServerPlatformTest.php
index f6c6d90d005..f14ffba7550 100644
--- a/tests/Platforms/SQLServerPlatformTest.php
+++ b/tests/Platforms/SQLServerPlatformTest.php
@@ -1134,4 +1134,13 @@ public function testGeneratesTypeDeclarationForDateTimeTz(): void
     {
         self::assertEquals('DATETIMEOFFSET(6)', $this->platform->getDateTimeTzTypeDeclarationSQL([]));
     }
+
+    /** @return array<string, array{array<string>, string}> */
+    public static function getEnumDeclarationSQLProvider(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'single value' => [['foo'], 'NVARCHAR(3)'],
+            'multiple values' => [['foo', 'bar1'], 'NVARCHAR(4)'],
+        ];
+    }
 }